VACTERL Association with Meningomyelocele Com bin ed with ... - [PDF Document] (2024)

ABSTRACT

Vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheo-esophageal, renal, and limb(VACTERL) asso-

ciation is defined as the presence of at least three of the above-mentioned six

manifestations. An estimated incidence of the VACTERL association is 1 in 20,000 to

35,000 live births although the diagnostic criteria vary. The VACTERL association is

highly heterogeneous in clinical presentation. It may represent a spectrum from the

less severely affected to the more severely affected. Diagnosis is difficult because of

the number of disorders that have overlapping features with trisomy 13 syndrome,

trisomy 18 syndrome, trisomy 21 syndrome, Feingold syndrome, and so on. The

incidence of trisomy 18 syndrome, a type of a chromosomal disorder, is estimated

to be 1 in 6,000-8,000 live births. It includes characteristic craniofacial anomalies,

clenched hand with overlapping of index finger over third, fifth finger over fourth,

underdeveloped thumbs, short sternum, cardiac anomalies such as ventricular

septal defect, and renal anomalies such as horseshoe kidney. Approximately over

50% of infants with trisomy 18 syndrome live less than one week. In 1983, Khoury et

al. reported VACTERL association combined with trisomy 18 syndrome. Here, we

report a case of a low birth weight female infant with VACTERL association, whose

second diagnosis is Edward syndrome, and that she also has another combined

anomaly, meningomyelocele. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported

case of VACTERL association with meningomyelocele combined with trisomy 18

syndrome in Korea.

Key Words: VACTERL association, Meningomyelocele, Trisomy 18

INTRODUCTION

The congenital malformations; vertebral defects (V), anal atresia (A), cardiac malformations

(C), tracheo-esophageal fistula (TE), renal anomalies (R), and limb abnormalities (L)1,2)

combine to form the VACTERL association. The VACTERL association can be diagnosed

by the presence of at least three features of VACTERL association as mentioned above3). The

Received: 22 August 2013

Revised: 23 September 2013

Accepted: 3 October 2013

Correspondence to:

Ga Won Jeon, M.D.

Department of Pediatrics, Busan

Paik Hospital, Inje University

College of Medicine, 633-165

Gaegeom 2-dong, Busan 614-735,

Korea

Tel: +82-51-890-6497

Fax: +82-51-895-7785

E-mail: [emailprotected]

Case Report

VACTERL Association with Meningomyelocele Com­bin ed with Trisomy 18 Syndrome

Yu Kyong Kim, M.D., Ji Hoon Lee, M.D., Ga Won Jeon, M.D., and Jong Beom Sin, M.D.Department of Pediatrics, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea

Neonatal Med 2014 February;21(1):74-78 http://dx.doi.org/10.5385/nm.2014.21.1.74 pISSN 2287-9412 . eISSN 2287-9803

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75Neonatal Med 2014 Februaary;21(1):74-78http://dx.doi.org/10.5385/nm.2014.21.1.74

most common case of VACTERL association is the three defect

combinations of congenital malformations, such as vertebral,

cardiac, and renal defects4). In a previous study, the associated

diseases with VACTERL association are trisomy 13 syndrome5),

trisomy 18 syndrome5), trisomy 21 syndrome6), Mullerian aplasia

syndrome5), Chiari malformation4), and so on.

The trisomy 18 syndrome includes characteristic craniofacial

anomalies, clenched hand with overlapping of index finger over

third, fifth finger over fourth, underdeveloped thumbs, short

sternum, cardiac anomalies such as ventricular septal defect, and

renal anomalies such as horseshoe kidney7).

In 1983, Khoury et al.5) reported VACTERL association combined

with trisomy 18 syndrome. Later, there were no reported cases

of VACTERL association combined with trisomy 18 syndrome.

We now present a low birth weight female infant with VACTERL

association, whose second diagnosis is Edward syndrome, and

that she also has another combined anomaly, meningomyelocele.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of

VACTERL association with meningomyelocele combined with

trisomy 18 syndrome in Korea.

CASE REPORT

A female infant, weighing 1,750 g at 39 weeks and 5 days, was

delivered by caesarean section because of prenatally detected

huge mass in the sacral area at 20 weeks of gestation. Her mother

was 41 years old and her father was 42 years old. Her mother’s

obstetric history was gravid 4, para 1. Prenatal ultrasonography

of the patient detected intrauterine growth restriction, polyhy-

dramnios, cardiac anomaly, huge sacral mass, and sacral

hypogenesis at 20 weeks of gestation. Amniocentesis was re-

com mended because of advanced maternal age and multiple

anomalies of the patient. The parents refused amniocentesis and

wanted to continue the pregnancy.

At birth, she had respiratory difficulty and required ventilator

care. Apgar scores were 4 at 1 min and 7 at 5 min. Her weight was

1,750 g (<10th percentile), height was 39 cm (<10th percentile),

and head circumference was 29.5 cm (<10th percentile). She was

presented with a 6.0×7.0×7.0 cm sized protruding mass on the

lumbosacral area suspected to be meningomyelocele, prominent

occiput, clenched hand with overlapping of index finger over third,

fifth finger over fourth, clinodactyly and polydactyly of fingers,

locker bottom feet, dorsiflexed big toe, prominent heels, and

syndactyly of toes (Figure 1). Orogastric tube was not advanced,

and the chest radiographs revealed coiled orogastric tube in the

proximal blind end of esophagus. Chest computed tomography

(CT) showed proximal blind end of esophagus at the level of the

aortic arch and fistula connecting distal esophagus with trachea

at the level of the bifurcation, revealed tracheo-esophageal

fistula, type A8) (Figure 2). The horseshoe kidney was incidentally

found in the CT scan (Figure 2). On spine magnetic resonance

imaging, sagittal T2-weighted image showed meningomyelocele,

sacral hypogenesis, and truncated cord (Figure 3). She had

cardiac de fects such as 2 mm sized atrial septal defect, 4.1 mm

sized peri-membranous ventricular septal defect, 4.3 mm sized

large patent ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary hypertension on

echocardiography.

Figure 1. Photographs of patient. (A) A 6.0×7.0×7.0 cm sized protruding mass on lumbosacral area suspected to meningomyelocele. (B) Locker bottom feet, dorsiflexed big toes, prominent heels, and syndactyly of toes. (C) Clenched hand with overlapping of index finger over third, fifth finger over fourth, clinodactyly, and polydactyly of fingers.

76 Yu Kyong Kim, et al. VACTERL Association with Trisomy 18

She was diagnosed with VACTERL association with five defects,

namely vertebral defects, cardiac malformations, tracheo-eso-

phageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities. A high-

resolution chromosomal analysis performed on peripheral

blood did not show any anomalies other than trisomy 18. She was

diagnosed with VACTERL association with meningomyelocele,

whose second diagnosis was Edward syndrome. Her parents

wanted conservative treatment and refused any operative treat-

ments for multiple anomalies. She died on the 6th postnatal day.

DISCUSSION

The VACTERL association was first described in 1972, by Quan

and Smith1). It includes multiple congenital malformations:

vertebral defects (V), anal atresia (A), cardiac malformations

(C), tracheo-esophageal fistula (TE), renal anomalies (R), and

limb abnormalities (L). It is diagnosed by the presence of at

least three features of the above mentioned malformations1-3).

In 2011, Solomon et al.9) reported that 79% cases had three

defects and 7% cases had four defects. The most common three

defects were vertebral, cardiac, and renal anomalies, and there

were accompanying anomalies in patients with VACTERL

association. Cardiac malformations are present in 80%, vertebral

defects in 78%, renal anomalies in 72%, anal atresia in 55%,

tracheo-esophageal fistula in 52%, and limb anomalies in 47%

of cases4). Our patient had five defects, vertebral defects, cardiac

malformations, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and

limb abnormalities.

VACTERL association is highly heterogeneous in clinical

(A) (B) Figure 3. Spine magnetic resonance imaging. (A) Sagittal T2-weighted image shows meningo myelocele which expanded underlying subarachnoid space and sacral hypogenesis (arrow), truncated cord (arrowhead). (B) Axial T2-weighted image shows meningomyelocele.

(A) (B) (C) Figure 2. Chest computed tomography. (A) Chest computed tomography(CT) images showing proximal blind end(arrow) of esophagus at the level of the aortic arch. (B) Fistula(arrowhead) connecting distal esophagus with trachea at the level of the bifurcation, tracheo-esophageal fistula, type A. (C) A CT scan showing horseshoe kidney.

77Neonatal Med 2014 Februaary;21(1):74-78http://dx.doi.org/10.5385/nm.2014.21.1.74

presentation and etiology2). It may represent a spectrum from the

less severely affected to the more severely affected. Diagnosis is

difficult due to the number of disorders that have alternate and

overlapping features with VACTERL, such as Feingold syndrome,

CHARGE syndrome, CATCH22 syndrome, Townese-Brocks

syndrome, Pallistere-Hall syndrome, Holte-Oram syndrome,

Fanconi anemia, and so on1-3). Feingold syndrome is different from

VACTERL association in brachymesophalangy, microcephaly,

cognitive impairment and V-Myc Myelocytomatosis Viral

Related Oncogene, Neuroblastoma Derived mutation; CHARGE

syndrome in colobomata, choanal atresia, and chromodomain

helicase DNA binding protein 7 mutations; CATCH22 syndrome

in deletion of 22q11.2, and hypocalcemia; Townese-Brocks

syndrome in dysplastic ears, hearing loss, and sal-like 1 mutations;

Pallistere-Hall syndrome in hypothalamic hamartoma, bifid

epiglottis, and GLI family zinc finger 3 mutations; Holte-

Oram syndrome in T-box 5 mutations; and Fanconi anemia in

hematologic anomalies1,2).

An estimated incidence of the VACTERL association is 1 in

20,000 to 35,000 births although the diagnostic criteria may

vary3,4). Genetic causes of VACTERL association account for only

a small percentage of patients. The VACTERL association is very

heterogeneous in etiology, and there are diverse mutations in

homeobox D13, phosphatase and tensin hom*olog, zic family

member 3, interstitial deletions of chromosome 17(del(17)

(q22q23.3)) and so on2,9,10). In our patient, the high-resolution

chromosomal analysis was reported to be normal other than

trisomy 18.

The VACTERL association can be associated with trisomy

13 syndrome5), trisomy 18 syndrome5), trisomy 21 syndrome6),

Mullerian aplasia syndrome5), Chiari malformation4), and so on. In

1983, Khoury et al.5) reported VACTERL association with trisomy

18 syndrome in two patients. Patients with isolated esophageal

atresia or tracheo-esophageal fistula associated with trisomy 18

syndrome had also been reported11-13).

The trisomy 18 syndrome or Edwards syndrome is a chromo-

somal disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome

18, full, mosaic trisomy, or partial trisomy 18q. The incidence

is estimated to be 1 in 6,000-8,000 live births7). The prevalence

of trisomy 18 syndrome increase with the increasing maternal

age14,15). In this case, as the mother of the patient was 41 years

old, she was recommended amniocentesis, but she refused

and continued the pregnancy. Approximately 50% of infants

with trisomy 18 syndrome live less than one week, and only

approximately 5-10% of infants survive beyond the first year,

who are mostly mosaic trisomy or partial trisomy 18q16). Re-

cently, most infants with trisomy 18 syndrome are prenatally

diagnosed7,16). Trisomy 18 syndrome includes characteristic fetal

growth retardation, polyhydramnios, craniofacial anomalies,

meningomyelocele, clenched hand with overlapping of index

finger over third, fifth finger over fourth, underdeveloped thumbs,

short sternum, ventricular septal defect or horseshoe kidney7,15).

We report a low-birth weight female infant with VACTERL

asso ciation with five features, and another combined anomaly,

meningomyelocele, whose second diagnosis is Edward syndrome.

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1) Shaw-Smith C. Oesophageal atresia, tracheo-oesophageal

fistula, and the VACTERL association: review of genetics and

epidemiology. J Med Genet 2006;43:545-54.

2) Solomon BD. VACTERL/VATER association. Orphanet J Rare

Dis 2011;6:56.

3) Agochukwu NB, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Keaton AA, Warren-

Mora N, Raam MS, Kamat A, et al. Analysis of FOXF1 and the

FOX gene cluster in patients with VACTERL association. Eur J

Med Genet 2011;54:323-8.

4) Solomon BD, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Raam MS, Bous SM, Keaton

AA, Velez JI, et al. Analysis of component findings in 79

patients diagnosed with VACTERL association. Am J Med

Genet A 2010;152a:2236-44.

5) Khoury MJ, Cordero JF, Greenberg F, James LM, Erickson JD. A

population study of the VACTERL association: evidence for its

etiologic heterogeneity. Pediatrics 1983;71:815-20.

6) Solomon BD, Bous SM, Bianconi S, Pineda-Alvarez DE.

Consideration of VACTERL association in patients with

trisomy 21. Clin Dysmorphol 2010;19:209-11.

7) Cereda A, Carey JC. The trisomy 18 syndrome. Orphanet J

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phageal fistula. In:Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, Geme JS, Schor

NF, Behrmanm RE,editors, Nelson textbook of pediatrics.

19th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2011;1262-3.

9) Solomon BD, Bear KA, Kimonis V, de Klein A, Scott DA, Shaw-

Smith C, et al. Clinical geneticists’ views of VACTERL/VATER

association. Am J Med Genet A 2012;158a:3087-100.

10) Felix JF, Tibboel D, de Klein A. Chromosomal anomalies in the

aetiology of oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal

fistula. Eur J Med Genet 2007;50:163-75.

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11) Torfs CP, Curry CJ, Bateson TF. Population-based study of

tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Teratology

1995;52:220-32.

12) Depaepe A, Dolk H, Lechat MF. The epidemiology of tracheo-

oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe.

EUROCAT working group. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:743-8.

13) Robert E, Mutchinick O, Mastroiacovo P, Knudsen LB, Daltveit

AK, Castilla EE, et al. An international collaborative study of

the epidemiology of esophageal atresia or stenosis. Reprod

Toxicol 1993;7:405-21.

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KH. Maternal age- and gestation-specific risk for trisomy 21.

Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13:167-70.

15) Viora E, Zamboni C, Mortara G, Stillavato S, Bastonero S,

Errante G, et al. Trisomy 18: Fetal ultrasound findings at

different gestational ages. Am J Med Genet A 2007;143:553-7.

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Trisomy 18 증후군과 척수수막류를 동반한 VACTERL Accociation

인제대학교 부산 백병원 소아청소년과

김유경·이지훈·전가원·신종범

VACTERL association은 척추기형, 직장항문기형, 심장기형, 기관식도기형, 콩팥기형, 사지기형의 여섯 가지 선천기형

중 최소 세 가지 이상이 나타나는 경우에 진단할 수 있다. 생존 출생아 20,000-35,000명 중 1명의 비율로 매우 드물게

발생하는 질환이며 임상양상이 매우 다양하고 trisomy 13 증후군, trisomy 18 증후군, trisomy 21 증후군, Feingold 증후

군 등과 임상 양상이 중복되기 때문에 진단이 어렵다. trisomy 18 증후군(에드워드 증후군)은 특징적인 안면 모습, 특징

적인 손발의 이상, 심실중격결손과 같은 심장기형, 마제신과 같은 콩팥 기형을 동반하며 50% 이상이 1주일 이내에 사

망한다. 1983년에 VACTERL association 이 trisomy 18 증후군에 동반된 증례보고가 있었으나, 이후에는 보고된 바가

없다. 저자들은 고령산모에서 부당경량아로 태어난 여아에서 VACTERL association과 척수수막류를 동반하며, trisomy

18 증후군을 진단한 증례를 경험하였기에 이를 보고하는 바이다.